Artifical Feeding

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4 أقسام

Introduction

  • Artificial feeding refers to the use of non-human milk sources as a replacement of Human breast milk
  • The most common indication → Mother or Father request.
  • Artificial feeding is indicated when breastfeeding is contraindicated.
  • Most common two types Include: fresh animal milk (cow milk, goat milk), and dried powdered milk formula.
  • Artificial feeding can be used alone or as part of the mixed feeding plans for the baby.
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Breast Milk Vs Formula Milk

Breast Milk vs Cow Milk
Component Human Milk Cow Milk
Calories
  • 67 cal/dL
  • 67 cal/dL
Protein
  • 60–70% Whey protein dominant (soluble → less allergy)
  • Lower in protein (1.2g/100mL)
  • 80% Casein protein dominant (insoluble → high allergy)
  • Higher in protein (3.3g/100mL)
Water/Solids
  • Same
  • Same
Carbohydrates
  • 7g/100mL Lactose only
  • 4.7g/100mL Lactose only
Fat
  • Low chain TG
  • Long-Medium chain TG
Minerals
  • Low in Sodium
  • Low in Iron, but better absorption
  • High in Sodium
  • Low in iron, but lower absorption
Vitamins
  • Low in Vitamin K, D
  • Low in Vitamin C, D

 

 

Important Note  
  • Cow’s milk formulas are the most commonly used worldwide and are associated with iron deficiency anemia, and cow’s milk protein allergy.
  • Goat’s milk is used more commonly in the United states, and europe, and are associated with folic acid deficiency and megaloblastic Anemia
ملاحظة

 

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Types of Milk Formula

Types of Milk Formula
Formula Indications Contraindications Carbs Fat
Cow’s milk protein based
  • Can be used for any normal, healthy newborn
  • Galactosemia
  • Cow’s milk protein allergy
  • Lactose
  • Long-chain TG
Soy based, lactose free
  • Cow’s milk protein allergy
  • Lactose intolerance
  • Galactosemia
  • Intolerance
  • Sucrose
  • Glucose
  • Long-chain TG
Casein Hydrolysate
  • Allergy (soy, cow’s milk)
  • Malabsorption syndromes
  • Intolerance
  • Sucrose
  • Glucose
  • Long-chain TG
  • +/- Medium chain TG
Amino Acid based
  • Severe cow’s milk protein allergy without response to Soy or Hydrolysate formulas
  • Glucose
  • Long-chain TG
  • +/- Medium chain TG
Preterm special
  • Promote growth of preterm babies born <37 week
  • Lactose
  • Glucose
  • Long-chain TG
  • + Medium chain TG
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Weaning and Advancing the Diet

Introduction

  • Definition: is the introduction of solid and semisolid food items into the baby’s feeding plan alongside breastmilk or formula milk.
    After the age of 6 months, exclusive breastfeeding is not sufficient to cover the growing baby’s caloric, and nutritional requirement.

Advancing the Diet

  • Stepwise approach introducing strained vegetables and fruits, followed by dairy products, then meat.
  • The weaning process can start as early as 4-6 months with the introduction of iron fortified cereal.
  • It’s not advised to give Honey before the age of 1 year due to the risk of infantile botulism.
  • It’s not advised to give cow’s milk before the age of 1 year due to the risk of cow’s protein milk allergy.
  • By the age of 12 months, an infant can consume the majority of adults table food.

 

 

Important Note  
  • Pacifiers should not be introduced before the age of 3-4 weeks and can only be introduced to the child in sleep position, and breastfeeding has been established.
  • If the mother can’t breastfeed, but can give breast milk, expressed milk can be stored and used at the time of feed, or for hospitalized infants.
  • Expressed breast milk can be stored in the freezer for up to 1 year, refrigerator for up to 4 days, and in room temperature for 4-6 hours.
ملاحظة

 

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