Artifical Feeding

Introduction

Artificial feeding refers to the use of non-human milk sources as a replacement of Human breast milk
The most common indication → Mother or Father request.
Artificial feeding is indicated when breastfeeding is contraindicated.
Most common two types Include: fresh animal milk (cow milk, goat milk), and dried powdered milk formula.
Artificial feeding can be used alone or as part of the mixed feeding plans for the baby.

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Breast Milk vs Cow Milk
Component	Human Milk	Cow Milk
Calories	67 cal/dL	67 cal/dL
Protein	60–70% Whey protein dominant (soluble → less allergy) Lower in protein (1.2g/100mL)	80% Casein protein dominant (insoluble → high allergy) Higher in protein (3.3g/100mL)
Water/Solids	Same	Same
Carbohydrates	7g/100mL Lactose only	4.7g/100mL Lactose only
Fat	Low chain TG	Long-Medium chain TG
Minerals	Low in Sodium Low in Iron, but better absorption	High in Sodium Low in iron, but lower absorption
Vitamins	Low in Vitamin K, D	Low in Vitamin C, D

Important Note
Cow’s milk formulas are the most commonly used worldwide and are associated with iron deficiency anemia, and cow’s milk protein allergy. Goat’s milk is used more commonly in the United states, and europe, and are associated with folic acid deficiency and megaloblastic Anemia	ملاحظة

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Types of Milk Formula
Formula	Indications	Contraindications	Carbs	Fat
Cow’s milk protein based	Can be used for any normal, healthy newborn	Galactosemia Cow’s milk protein allergy	Lactose	Long-chain TG
Soy based, lactose free	Cow’s milk protein allergy Lactose intolerance Galactosemia	Intolerance	Sucrose Glucose	Long-chain TG
Casein Hydrolysate	Allergy (soy, cow’s milk) Malabsorption syndromes	Intolerance	Sucrose Glucose	Long-chain TG +/- Medium chain TG
Amino Acid based	Severe cow’s milk protein allergy without response to Soy or Hydrolysate formulas		Glucose	Long-chain TG +/- Medium chain TG
Preterm special	Promote growth of preterm babies born <37 week		Lactose Glucose	Long-chain TG + Medium chain TG

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Introduction

Definition: is the introduction of solid and semisolid food items into the baby’s feeding plan alongside breastmilk or formula milk.
After the age of 6 months, exclusive breastfeeding is not sufficient to cover the growing baby’s caloric, and nutritional requirement.

Advancing the Diet

Stepwise approach introducing strained vegetables and fruits, followed by dairy products, then meat.
The weaning process can start as early as 4-6 months with the introduction of iron fortified cereal.
It’s not advised to give Honey before the age of 1 year due to the risk of infantile botulism.
It’s not advised to give cow’s milk before the age of 1 year due to the risk of cow’s protein milk allergy.
By the age of 12 months, an infant can consume the majority of adults table food.

Important Note

Pacifiers should not be introduced before the age of 3-4 weeks and can only be introduced to the child in sleep position, and breastfeeding has been established.
If the mother can’t breastfeed, but can give breast milk, expressed milk can be stored and used at the time of feed, or for hospitalized infants.
Expressed breast milk can be stored in the freezer for up to 1 year, refrigerator for up to 4 days, and in room temperature for 4-6 hours.

ملاحظة

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